Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey

Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey

Hardwood floor refinishing

Plus, they recommend products with a longer lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements and further minimizing waste.

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Learn more about Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey here Manufactured between the late 1970s and mid-1990s, these pipes were a popular choice for their cost-effectiveness and easy installation. Beyond these rooms, Canyon Property Projects can revamp your living areas, bedrooms, and even outdoor spaces, ensuring a cohesive and inviting look throughout your home. You'll find their approach is all about transparency, quality, and sustainability.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. offers a wide range of commercial upgrade solutions, from complete overhauls to specific area improvements. By setting new standards in quality, they're not just transforming spaces; they're redefining what it means to live in luxury and comfort. Firstly, updating your siding or facade can make a world of difference.
They don't just change the look of your home; they revolutionize it. You'll work closely with their design team to ensure your vision comes to life. Moreover, they're committed to using only the highest quality materials, ensuring durability and longevity for your home improvements.
Next, you'll dive into the design phase, where your concepts start to take shape. You'll notice the difference in your home's overall performance and comfort level, all while contributing to a healthier environment. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project becomes a testament to sustainable living, proving that you don't have to sacrifice style or comfort to make a positive impact on the environment.

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  13. Window replacement
  14. Soaking tub installation
  15. Flooring installation
  16. Roofing and gutters

It not only ensures your home's integrity but also gives you peace of mind. Whether you're looking to revamp your kitchen with the latest fittings, transform your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, or extend your living space with a bespoke extension, they've got you covered. Full-service renovation Surrey They've got a keen eye on what's trending and what sells, ensuring you're not just upgrading your space but also boosting its market value.

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Whether you're dreaming of a luxurious island for entertaining or innovative storage solutions to keep clutter at bay, we've got you covered. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd's comprehensive home improvement services in Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey, you're not just enhancing the aesthetic appeal of your property; you're investing in its future value.

They understand that your home isn't just a place to live; it's a space that should adapt to your lifestyle and needs. Whether you're looking to create a spa-like retreat or a sleek, modern space, the right enhancements can transform your bathroom into a sanctuary. By working closely with you, they grasp your vision and translate it into design plans that speak volumes. You'll no longer need to juggle multiple remotes or manually adjust settings throughout your home.

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you have access to a range of options to upgrade your curb appeal, from simple fixes to comprehensive makeovers. Beyond customizing your space, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. also ensures that each project meets exceptional quality standards.

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They communicate proactively, keeping you informed every step of the way and ensuring there are no surprises. You're likely looking for ways to enhance your Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey home, and with the latest trends and technologies, there are countless options to consider.

Let's help you turn your bathroom into a lavish escape you'll enjoy for years to come. They'll keep you updated with regular progress reports, so you're never in the dark about how your project is shaping up. This approach not only saves you time but also money in the long run, as their enhancements are designed to stand the test of time. They're committed to transparency, providing clear communication and updates throughout the project.

Citations and other links

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They stand by the quality of their work, guaranteeing outcomes that exceed your expectations. It's not just about a fresh coat of paint; it's about a comprehensive approach that considers landscaping, exterior lighting, and even the front door. This collaborative process ensures that your project reflects your personal style and meets all your functional needs. They were particularly impressed with the innovative solutions provided to maximize their space while ensuring the addition blended seamlessly with the existing structure. Moreover, they're committed to transparent communication throughout the entire process.

These are the eyes of your home, and upgrading them can't only improve aesthetics but also enhance energy efficiency. They understand the importance of reducing the carbon footprint and incorporate eco-friendly materials and methods into their work. Not only do these improvements make your home more comfortable and efficient for current living, but they also make it stand out in the competitive real estate market. So, if you're looking to make your Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey home improvement dreams a reality, they're the go-to experts.

You can rest easy knowing that they're on top of everything, from the initial blueprints to the final touches of paint. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just see you as another client in the queue. They're known for their meticulous attention to detail, ensuring that every aspect of the project is executed to perfection. It's not just about making your property look pretty; it's about creating a welcoming atmosphere that invites people in.

Embarking on your home improvement journey, the design and planning process with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is meticulously tailored to fit your unique vision and needs. They're not just talking the talk; they're walking the walk by prioritizing renewable resources and energy-efficient solutions that benefit both you and the planet.

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When you're looking to revamp your home, they're the go-to experts in Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey, offering unique solutions that breathe new life into every corner of your house. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. can turn those dreams into reality.

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Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey Property Upkeep Services
Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey Painting And Decorating

Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey Painting And Decorating

From custom cabinetry to modern appliances, they work to enhance your cooking and dining experience. With everything set, the construction phase begins. If you're happy with the plan, you give the green light, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd takes care of the rest. Next, you'll receive a clear, comprehensive quote that respects your budget without compromising on quality. Let's bring your home improvement dreams to life, knowing you're in skilled and caring hands.
From optimizing your home's layout to incorporating energy-saving solutions, they're dedicated to improving your home's comfort and value. Hearing directly from past clients offers invaluable insights into the real impact of Canyon Property Projects Ltd's work on their lives. Simple upgrades like manicured lawns, vibrant flower beds, and modern pathway lighting can make a huge difference. They'll help you navigate the benefits of hardwood versus engineered flooring, the ins and outs of various countertop materials, and the best appliances for your lifestyle.
This not only helps in conserving energy but also significantly lowers your utility bills.

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  1. Hardwood floor refinishing
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  3. Local home renovators Surrey
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Read more about Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey here They'll listen to your ideas, suggest innovative solutions, and outline the steps necessary to bring your dream home to life. Their expertise isn't just about the years they've put in but the depth and breadth of projects they've successfully completed. They'll guide you through selecting the perfect countertops, cabinetry, lighting, and appliances to fit both your budget and your dream.
As the project progresses, their team conducts regular on-site inspections to ensure these standards are being met. As we explore the breadth of their services, including sustainable building practices and custom home transformations, you'll discover why so many Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey homeowners choose Canyon Property Projects Ltd. for their home improvement needs. You'll receive regular updates, so you're always in the loop. The gallery is a curated selection of projects, each reflecting the meticulous attention to detail and innovative design solutions that are Canyon's hallmark.

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This doesn't just risk your property's safety but can significantly affect your water quality. Modern home renovation Surrey If you're ready to elevate your kitchen experience, they're the team to trust for a space that's uniquely yours. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just offer you a service; they offer you a partnership in making conscientious choices that align with a sustainable lifestyle. Elevate your home's comfort and style by upgrading to a luxurious bathroom that caters to your relaxation and aesthetic desires. Their design philosophy centers on creating environments that reflect your personal taste while enhancing the way you live. Exterior painting

From smart home integrations that allow you to control your environment with the touch of a button to eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint, the possibilities are endless. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just revamping a space; you're reimagining the heart of your home. You'll find the team ready to listen, advise, and transform your ideas into a feasible project plan that not only respects your budget but also enhances functionality and aesthetic appeal. Home gym remodeling It's not just about making your space look good for now; they want to ensure it stands the test of time.

They're committed to enhancing your home's functionality and efficiency, incorporating the latest technologies and sustainable materials wherever possible. From drywall repair to repainting, they ensure your home not only functions well but looks great too. This personalized approach to pricing means you won't encounter hidden fees or surprise costs halfway through your project. Whether it's integrating hidden storage solutions or designing flexible living areas that adapt to your changing needs, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Porch renovation goes beyond the conventional.

You'll appreciate their attention to detail, from the choice of soothing color palettes to the installation of energy-efficient lighting that enhances the ambiance of your space. From initial design consultation to the final touches, their team is with you every step of the way. With their unmatched expertise, they've tailored their offerings to not just meet, but exceed homeowner expectations, ensuring every project reflects their hallmark of quality craftsmanship. Whether you're looking for eco-friendly paint options or energy-efficient windows, we've got you covered.

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Emergency Home Repairs Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey

You'll find their portfolio peppered with a variety of renovations and constructions that not only enhance the aesthetics of a property but also its functionality and value. Whether you need a more welcoming reception area, efficient lighting solutions, or modernized workspaces, they're on it. You'll find their kitchen renovations particularly compelling, as they focus on creating spaces that are both beautiful and highly functional. It's all about creating a comfortable living space that's kind to the planet. You're not just investing in a temporary fix; you're investing in the future of your home.

For realtors, curb appeal is even more crucial. Their team specializes in both minor upgrades and major renovations, tailoring each project to fit your specific needs and budget. At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., we understand that completing your home improvement project on time is as important as the quality of workmanship.

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Canyon Property Projects Ltd. takes pride in their project management approach, guaranteeing that your home improvement project isn't just a vision, but a successfully completed reality.

Canyon's team uses the latest technology to create detailed plans and 3D renderings, ensuring you can visualize the outcome before any work begins. This customer-centric approach guarantees that your project isn't just completed to the highest standards but also reflects your personal style and meets your functional requirements. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a proactive approach, anticipating potential issues before they become problems. They're not just building homes; they're building dreams.

They've taken the essence of what makes a space special and amplified it, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and needs. This foresight prevents costly adjustments down the line, saving you time and money. They'll walk you through the various services they offer, helping you to understand how they can meet your unique needs. Canyon Property offers a wide range of home improvement services designed to meet the specific needs of realtors and property owners in Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey.

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Canyon Property doesn't just offer renovations; they provide tailored solutions that breathe new life into homes, ensuring they stand out in the competitive Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey landscape. For those dreaming of a home that perfectly reflects their unique style and lifestyle, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Structural renovation offers bespoke home transformations. Living spaces, transformed from cluttered and uninviting to open, airy, and welcoming, demonstrate Canyon's ability to create flow and harmony within a home. This team isn't just good at what they do; they're passionate about turning your vision into reality. Therefore, we work diligently to avoid such setbacks, keeping you informed every step of the way.
Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. means partnering with a team that values your time as much as you do. Their electricians and plumbers are second to none, ensuring that the nuts and bolts of your home are functioning perfectly. In the bathroom, they aim for a blend of comfort and luxury, with services ranging from simple fixture replacements to complete overhauls of the space. You'll appreciate their transparent communication, as they keep you in the loop at every stage of the project.
Whether you're dreaming of a serene garden to unwind in after a long day, or a vibrant outdoor entertaining area for family and friends, they've got you covered. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means opting for a seamless renovation journey, marked by clear communication, meticulous planning, and exceptional craftsmanship. Your involvement is as hands-on or hands-off as you prefer, but rest assured, your project is in skilled hands, moving steadily towards a successful completion. It's about making your home not just seen, but remembered.
They coordinate with skilled tradespeople, manage supplies, and ensure all work meets the highest standards and compliance with local regulations. Moving beyond the glowing testimonials, the Before and After Gallery showcases the tangible transformations achieved by Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Home theater installation From initial design to the final touches, Canyon Property Projects Ltd handles every detail, ensuring the process is seamless and the results stunning. They recognize that every home improvement project is as unique as the homeowner themselves.

Explore Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey here
Kitchen Backsplash Installation Luxury Kitchen Design Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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